Methodology

The surveys provide national coverage of citizens aged 18 and above in all counties. Thus, the universe is comprised of the population by governorate living in both urban and rural areas. The survey results are representative at the national level. See our Technical Reports by wave for detailed information by country.

The survey is designed include all non-institutionalized citizens. By necessity, it does not include some citizens who are inaccessible, including those who are in hospitals, care homes, or other collective living arrangements such as halls or live at military bases, or are inmates in the country’s prisons. In some cases, small populations living in remote areas of the country are excluded from the sample. This typically concerns areas with less than 2 percent of the total population. Depending on the context, some countries may also exclude other specific populations, such as internally displaced citizens. See our Technical Reports by wave for detailed information by country.

The unit of observation is an individual from a randomly selected household. Only one respondent per household is eligible to participate in Arab Barometer survey.

Due to the absence of address registers in the region, which typically serve as sampling frames, Arab Barometer countries rely on maps paired with the latest population estimates from the statistics authorities in the respective country covering all citizens ages 18 and above.

Sampling strategies vary by country, but it is a requirement that probability samples are drawn. In general, the sampling strategies in each country ensure that every eligible respondent in the country has a known and calculable probability of being included in the sample that is unequal to zero.

Most countries apply multistage sampling methods based on stratification. Stratified sampling aims to better represent certain homogenous groups within a population, such as regions. Arab Barometer surveys are generally stratified by governorate (or similar regional characteristic) and sub-stratified by type of settlement (urban/rural). In some countries, alternative substrata apply. For example, instead of stratifying by settlement type, Lebanon stratifies by religious sect.

Interviews are allocated to each stratum using probability proportional to size (PPS), i.e., each stratum allocates interviews relative to its population. Within each stratum, primary sampling units (PSUs) are randomly selected. The precise definition of the PSU unit differs across countries. In most cases, it is a pre-defined geographic unit that has been demarcated by the country’s central statistical authority. However, in some cases, it is a standard unit that has been demarcated by our local partner. Within each PSU, blocks are defined as the secondary sampling unit, normally containing between 100-250 households. Random starting points for random walks are then selected within these blocks to determine the household. Kish grids or first/last birthday methods randomize the selection of the respondent at the doorstep. Pre-assignment of the respondent gender by household is applied in many contexts, to ensure an even distribution of gender and to avoid gate keeper effects. See our Technical Reports by wave for further information on the precise sampling strategies in each country.

Interviews are conducted face-to-face.The first three waves were conducted using Paper and Pencil Interviewing (PAPI). The fourth wave employed a multi-mode design. While some countries were done using PAPI, other countries shifted to Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI). The fifth wave exclusively relied on CAPI. Due to the Covid pandemic, the sixth wave included alternative modes including phone surveys (CATI). Following the end of health restrictions in place during Covid, our seventh wave returned to face-to-face surveys in the respondents place of residence using CAPI.  See our Technical Reports for each wave for specific country information.

One key element of ensuring high data quality is the implementation of fieldwork quality assurance measures in each country. Arab Barometer has instituted a rigorous process for interviewer briefings prior to fieldwork, including a multiday training led by members from our regional hub institutions attended by a member of the core research team. Pretesting and piloting are then carried out by our local teams and the results are carefully evaluated by the local team, Arab Barometer hub institutions, and the core research team. Fieldwork is regularly monitored by the local team leaders, regional hubs, and the core research team. While interviews are ongoing, supervisors oversee interviewers to ensure that they are carrying out the sampling plan. They also sit in on some interviews to ensure the instrument is being implemented correctly. At least 20 percent of respondents are also re-contacted and are administered an abbreviated version of the instrument.

Our field supervisors and interviewers are at the heart of the data collection and very important for the success of the project. Each field organization is responsible for recruiting, training, and briefing the supervisors and interviewers for the Arab Barometer survey. If possible, a member of the core research team attends the supervisor and interviewer briefings prior to fieldwork. We also monitor supervisor and interviewer performance during the pilot and the main field period. Note that  Arab Barometer neither relies on an interpenetrated design, in which respondents are randomly allocated to interviewers, nor do we implement standard methods of interviewer—respondent gender matching. The interviewer allocation to the respondent is discretionary to our local field organizations. Exceptionally, the local field organization may implement matching procedures, which has occurred in very few contexts and mainly upon respondent request in the past.

Arab Barometer employs a number of quality control checks after fieldwork. All data set are checked using a number of post-assessment techniques. These include a number of sophisticated tests that look for unusual patterns in the data or paradata. Additionally, the team uses specialized software (Percent Match) that flags near duplicate observations. This technique was developed by the Director of Arab Barometer to detect cases of likely data fabrication and has become a gold standard in the field of survey methodology. The fifth wave will also trial a live data checking tool applying these techniques as the data come in on a daily basis.